Prayer in School Persuasive Essay

As secularists and religion group coalitions engage in war with each other pertaining to prayer in high school, the common high school student is basically trapped in the middle. For a period, there has been a heated debate pertaining to whether or not prayer should be permitted in academic establishments, however, every time the debate is reopened, it has always been sunk in a stalemate, and equally, it is a topic that politicians opt to steer away from. I think it is essential that prayers are allowed back in school so that young persons may to revere and connect with their creator for guidance and blessings. It should be noted that, those advocating for prayers in school present a number of convincing arguments. Many religious persons believe that prayers would increase tolerance among pupils in school. The diversity of faiths at school puts students in a better position to learn about each other’s religious backgrounds. As a result, pupils grow into adults with a better understanding and higher level of acceptance of persons from different religious backgrounds. The decision to substitute the prayer with a moment of silence in schools was and still is misguided.   Initially, the debate was based on whether or not the school day was to be opened with a prayer through the use of a school public address system. However, this never went far due to the fact that today, school settings tend to hold an idea of dissimilar religious beliefs. The existence of diverse religious views and practices can never be an excuse for abolition of prayers at school. Equally, others feel it that prayers will help the kids to understand and explore personal questions they tend to raise about God and religion. Prayers provide the platform for young minds to search and explore these religious aspects strongly and extensively. It would be a positive development to re-introduce prayers back in school as this would help forge strong social and ethical principles which are collapsing at unprecedented rates. James Frances Cardinal McIntyre summarize it well when he stated, â€Å"In taking on the materialistic conceptions of life as the religion of man including denying the more or less universal recognition that creation was godly, and the indispensable outcomes flowing there from, the consequence of the resolution can only mean that our American heritages of philosophy, of religion, and of freedom are being abandoned†. In essence, James Frances Cardinal McIntyre asserted perfectly when he stated that America was moving against its cultural heritage including throwing the base of what this great nation was founded upon by tossing religion out of academic institutions. Looking at the McIntyre statement he strongly makes reference to American heritage of philosophy, religion as well as freedom. Therefore, the reference goes back to the first amendment of the Americas constitution which consents government neutrality. This reminds us that, America was founded by the Declaration of Independence, and a firm belief of rights for life, liberty, including the pursuit of happiness. The chronological practice of permitting prayer in schools went on for nearly two centuries and was shown to be a valuable practice in our educational systems. It offered no real trouble or problems until 1962, when the Supreme Court ruled upon a case, barring vocal prayer in a public school setting. And this has been cited as the precedence of the moral decay in American society today. Additionally, prayers for pupils at school fulfill a role that many guardians or parents have not been able to play very well. Although many parents believe in God and prayers, a lot of them do not find time to share their beliefs with their children. Therefore, the school becomes the perfect avenue for pupils to know their God since they spent most of their day time there. Prayers at school would do well to keep pupils sensitive to their religious needs where parents have failed. I believe the abolition of prayers at school is an infringement on personal liberties and freedoms. The American constitution provides for freedom of expression and that includes prayers. If someone cannot exercise certain provisions of his or her faith and belief because the law prohibits it, then that kind of law is oppressive and has no place in the modern word. Still, the school system can come up with an arrangement where different religious views are well catered for without necessarily abolishing prayers. The public address system could be used for prayers for the main religions and faiths. Consequently, members of different faiths would feel well taken care of and not discriminated against or denied their religious rights. Religion and prayers have been around for a long time and no one can wish them away, not even at school. Since prayers at school have not been found to disturb peace, no one should demonize them. Law makers should reconsider introducing the prayer back to school to promote a religious and righteous upbringing for the children.

Sentencing Is The Final Stage Of The Criminal Justice Process

Sentencing is essentially the final stage of the criminal justice process, aside from the appeals process. It is a dual decision-making process that consists of two significant stages. The first stage reflects the decision to grant incarceration or probation upon the accused, while the second stage involves determining the length of a sentence (Neubauer Fradella, 2011). As this discussion focuses on the second stage of the sentencing process, it is important to understand key stakeholders involved at this decision-making point. Most assume that sentencing is strictly a judicial function, however, the executive and legislative branches also have obligations throughout this process. The role of the legislative branch lies in their responsibility to provide sentencing options for the judge, who maintains the authority to select a sentence within these parameters, which is carried out by the executive branch (Neubauer Fradella, 2011). While each branch carries out different duties, more specific courtroom work group actors play a direct role in influencing the sentencing decision imposed by the judge. Presumably, the judge is considered to be the most experienced stakeholder involved in this process, and the most powerful given their legal authority to impose a determined sentence (Neubauer Fradella, 2011). However, their ability to exercise such authority is limited by other courtroom work group actors who obtain further insight on the crime and the criminal (NeubauerShow MoreRelatedThe Framework Of Laws And Rules That Govern The Administration Of Justice1019 Words   |  5 Pageslaws and rules that govern the administration of justice in cases involving an individual who has been accused of a crime. This process is begun with the initial investigation of the crime committed and following up with either the unconditional release from an acquittal, or by granting one with a term punishment depending on the severity of the crime. As a safeguard, criminal proceedings are against the indiscriminate application of criminal laws. Laws are designed and used in order to enforceRead MoreCriminal Justice Process for a Felony1790 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal justice process for a felony Introduction The processing of a crime and the criminal case can be terribly confusing, especially for those unfamiliar with the criminal justice system scheme. Once a person commits a crime, it is the obligation of the public to enlighten the police. That is where the journey through the justice system of a country or state begins for the offender. There are certain minor variations in the justice process of different states; nonetheless, most of the proceduresRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Of The United States Constitution1184 Words   |  5 Pagesadversarial criminal justice system that relies heavily on the advocacy of each party and a relatively passive and impartial judge acting as a neutral arbiter. The objective of this structure is to encourage the advocates to develop relevant facts, evidence, and legal interpretations that determine guilt or innocence. This is distinct from inquisitorial systems of justice where the court plays an active part in the fact-finding investigation, i nterviewing of witnesses, and make final decisions ofRead MoreInvestigation Of The Criminal Justice Process947 Words   |  4 PagesThe criminal justice process begins with a report of violation of the law by a citizen or witnessed by a police officer first hand. Then after it is investigated where the police officer is to come to the area or scene of the incident to determine the extent and nature of the crime committed. Where sometimes an arrest is made on the scene of the incident and statements of the witnesses or evidence are taken to obtain evidence of the crime. In some cases there is a preliminary investigation whereRead MoreWhat Are Five Major Court Cases That Influenced Our Treatment Of Juveniles Today?1203 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 4.1 – Juvenile Court Process What are five major court cases that influenced our treatment of juveniles today? For each case, briefly state how the case has made an impact. Five major court cases that influenced our treatment of juveniles today include Kent v. United States (1966), In re Gault (1967), In re Winship (1970), McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) and Breen v. Jones (1975). Kent v. United States (1966) set the standards for transfers. In this case, the judge ruled Kent to adultRead MorePunishment And Sentencing : Punishment1281 Words   |  6 Pages Punishment and Sentencing By: Dion Hice Columbia Southern University Professor: Dr. Thomas Kelly Punishment and Sentencing The definition of the word â€Å"sentencing†, is described as a particular process through a sentencing authority, which imposes a lawful punishment, or other type of sanction on a person that has been convicted of violating the criminal law. The definition of the word â€Å"Punishment†, is described as an act of punishing an individual, or a way to punish an individualRead MoreCriminal Crimes And Criminal Justice1232 Words   |  5 Pages Bail is the next step of the process and the suspect may try to get bail, â€Å" Bail is an amount of money or other security that is designed to insure a criminal defendant s return to court if released from jail. Although bail may be reconsidered at any stage in the criminal process, this is usually the first opportunity to set it (Wright, 2012). A judge can also deny bail if the crime is very serious, or if they are considered a risk and if they have a criminal history. In some cases the prosecutorRead MoreThe Silence Inside The Court Room934 Words   |  4 Pagesengaged with diverse emotional state and on the part of the court and the family of the victim; there is justice while anguish on the part of the aberrant. In consequence, criminal court is where justice occurs as criminals are detailed ruling while victims reach cessation. This has been a rudimentary awareness on the role of criminal justice system; its process is becoming more multifaceted. Criminal courts are where the offenders who made defilements on the applied public laws are tried before a juryRead MoreThe Main Functions Of The Courts Within Australian Common Law2045 Words   |  9 Pagesand treat it as a final component, in an otherwise lengthy process. However, the judiciary has a vast array of options when it comes to proper sentencing. With all these components the effectiveness of imprisonment can be met with varied ideals. Before a judiciary arrives at this avoidable decision though, they must weigh up all instances of sentencing through its specific framework, the criminal justice system prevails with courts having diversity within the realms of sentencing. This research paperRead MoreJustice and Moral Development925 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of justice is something that helps to guide most individuals in that they believe in this concept to make a loss better. Many individuals will see law enforcement agencies, especially the officers that work f or an agency, to be the tool that will be used to garner their justice. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development theory can help to explain criminal behavior in that a criminal that acts out for a particular reason will not be able to understand the stages that are beyond the one

Marketing and Overall Communications Objectives Free Essays

Integrated Marketing Communications Plan Outline 1. 0 Executive Summary The executive summary is an important piece to your IMC Plan. Often, CEO’s will not take the time to read all of the details of the plan, so this particular part of the plan should be a one page summary of the goals, execution plan, and potential results. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Overall Communications Objectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. 0 Marketing Communications Objectives The marketing communications objectives set the tone for the whole plan. They should be specific, measurable, and used throughout the rest of plan so that all of the tools are aligned to enhance the overall goals. The Marketing Communications objectives should also be bereft of any mention of raising sales. Instead, they should be focused on actual communication objectives, such as â€Å"increase web traffic by 20%,† or â€Å"reach 15% of the target market in the first month. † 3. 0 Situation Analysis The situation analysis is the point in the document where you should discuss the initial research findings that will guide your recommendations. Only relevant information should be displayed in this area, as you will need to invoke it, when discussing the actions that need to be taken to accomplish the marketing communications objectives. You will also want to identify your stakeholders, target audiences, discuss geographic considerations, seasonality, the competition, the creative strategy of the competition, and perform a SWOT analysis. 4. 0 Research This section should clearly articulate the research tools, mediums, and points of emphasis for the campaign. This is not only about past research, but on-going research that can be used to help with the evaluation of the campaign. An important question to ask is, â€Å"how do we plan to review the changing perception of the brand and product†? . 0 IMC Campaign Strategy Outline the overall strategy and how/why it should be effective to accomplish the marketing communications objectives. Discuss how you intend to message the stakeholders and target audiences and why it makes sense to do so in the manner you have selected. This section should also help you identify why key stakeholders will act favorably or unfavorably to messaging, identify potential challenges, ha ve a market segmentation strategy, rationale for the recommendations, and fully develop the creative strategy statement. 6. Creative Brief The creative brief is a document all on its own, often used in advertising to develop an ad plan. The Big Idea of the creative should be discussed, and the logo and tagline should be developed in this section. It is often a good idea to reiterate the overall communications objectives and more clearly define communications objectives that will support the main objectives. Also write out the actual features and benefits of the product or service, as this will help develop the message and points of differentiation from the competition. The brief should then tell strategy of the creative, give tone and include a supporting statement of the big idea. 7. 0 Advertising Tell the reader what mediums will be used for each target audience, the objectives, the media plan, and timing of the communications. Additionally, each of the mediums will need to have rough scripts, tone, colors, and artwork conveyed. 8. 0 Direct Response Email Talk about the objectives and execution strategy of emails. Also, the reader should understand where the email lists will come from, what the call to action will be, and how often the emails will go out. If testing will be performed, explain what will be tested and how that testing may affect the email message and delivery. 9. 0 Public Relations Every company has a public relations message, whether they know it or not so the IMC Plan should have a strategy associated with this particular communications vehicle. 10. 0 New Media New media is growing and must be developed to reach consumers where they are networking. Blogs, Vlogs, Podcasting, Mobile Marketing, Display Ads, and Social Networks can all be strategically used to help you accomplish communications objectives, but the plan must identify how. 1. 0 Consumer Promotions Consumer promotions can generate engagement, but a discussion about what fits with the big idea and the brand message should be performed. What are the objectives, how will it be measured, and will you do a sweepstake event, or contest? Also, another media discussion should be opened, as promotions can happen in stores, online, at experiential events, and on the p hone. 12. 0 Budget The budget is quite important, as the details of how and when the money will be spent need to be understood so that the reader can know where the money is going. A suggestion is to develop a spreadsheet by month by medium and time (month, week, quarter) that will allow for dollar placement in each specific cell to make it easy for the reader to understand the complete picture. 13. 0 Measurement and Evaluation All of the measurement and evaluative tools must be explained. Once again, develop objectives. What specifically will be used to measure and evaluate the effectiveness can be spelled out, specifically. Questionnaires, word of mouth measurement, focus groups are all good options, but which will work for your product/company will have to be identified. It is smart to look at each recommendation and set an evaluation plan for it. The process should be repeated for advertising, sales promotions, etc. An overall measurement and evaluation plan is not acceptable in a fully developed professional plan. Specifics about each medium need to undergo extensive analysis for an on-going review of each tactic as its own entity. 14. 0 Appendices – (Communication Chart, Media Plan, Online Plan, Etc. ) Appendices are optional, but placement of charts, artwork, and spreadsheets can clutter the plan. 15. 0 References 16. 0 Footnotes How to cite Marketing and Overall Communications Objectives, Essay examples

Southernization Essay - Ap World History free essay sample

The idea of  Southernization  came from the observation that Southern values and beliefs were becoming more important to the success of the government, reaching a climax in the 1990s, with a Democratic  president and vice-president from the South, and Congressional leaders in both parties originating in the South. Some would agree that Southern values started to become more and more important in national elections through the early 21st century. American journalists started to use the term Southernization in the late 2000s to describe the political and cultural effects. Credit is given to the American South for different values and beliefs, including religious fundamentalism, and  patriotism  or nationalism. Other than the cultural influence, many would comply that the South had permeated the national political stage. The routine known as southernization first began in Southern Asia. By the fifth century C. E. , developments associated with southernization were present in India, from where they then spread to China, and to the Middle East and the Mediterranean basin. We will write a custom essay sample on Southernization Essay Ap World History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After 1200 they began to have an impact on southern Europe. These progressions included the discovery of bullion sources, the emergence of a new mathematics, the pioneering of trade routes, the trade in tropical spices, the cultivation of southern crops such as sugar and cotton, and the invention of various technologies. Indians also invented the concept of zero, which the Arabs eventually conveyed to the Europeans. What the West called Arabic numerals, the Arabs called Hindi numerals. The term southernization is said to be correspondent to westernization. Westernization is associated with certain developments that first occurred in Western Europe. Those advances changed Europe and in the course of time, expanded to other places, changing them as well. In the same way, southernization changed Southern Asia, later spreading to other areas, which then also underwent a process of innovation. During the early Muslim Caliphates, sugar, cotton, and citrus fruits spread north. The Arabs were the first to import large numbers of East African slaves to work sugar plantations at the north end of the Persian Gulf. By 1000, sugar and cotton had become important crops from Iran to Spain. Arabs also pioneered new trade routes and discovered new sources of silver in Tashkent and in Afghanistan that rivaled the later discoveries near Potosi in the New World. After silver became relatively abundant, Arabs sought new sources of gold in East and West Africa. By 1200 the process of southernization had created a prosperous south from China to the Muslim Mediterranean. The Mongol conquests then helped to southernize northern regions across Eurasia. Southernization was not overtaken by westernization until the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century. Only after the northwestern Europeans had added to their repertoire every one of the elements of southernization did the world become divided into a powerful, prestigious, and rich north and an impoverished south perceived to be in need of development. During the first century C. E. , Egypt started to become an important market for Indian cottons via the sea. By the coming century, these textiles were strongly needed, and by the fifth century, they were being exchanged in Southeast Asia. The Indian trade of textiles continued to expand throughout the turn of the century. The position of the subcontinent was not impaired until Britain’s Industrial Revolution, since steam engines started to power the cotton production. Another part of southernization, the search for new sources of wealth, can be traced back to the Mauryan Empire’s end. During that time, India mainly got their gold from Siberia, but disturbances from wandering people interfered with the traffic between Siberia and India. Sailors for India then began to travel around to find an alternative source, which they probably found with the help of local people who were familiar with their land. Indians and other people in the future showed this gold to international trade routes. The search for gold that was conducted by the Indians may also have led them to the shores of Africa. Although its interpretation is contentious, some archaeological evidence commends the evidence of Indian guidance on parts of East Africa as early as 300 C. E. There is also one report that gold was being hunted by Ethiopian merchants in East Africa, who were part of India’s most important trading partners. Indian voyages on the Indian Ocean were part of a more general development, bordering on current with the Mauryan Empire, in which sailors of assorted origins began to piece together the shores of the â€Å"Southern Ocean†, a Chinese term referring to all the waters from the South China Sea to the eastern coast of Africa. During that time period, the most bodacious sailors were most certainly the Malays; peoples came from what is now Malaysia, Indonesia, the southeastern coast of Vietnam, and the Philippines. Sometime before 300 B. C. E. , Malay sailors began to use the monsoons, which are the seasonal winds that blow off the continent of Asia in the colder months and onto its shores in the warmer months, to their advantage. The records of China show that by the 3rd  century B. C. E. , Malay seamen were sailing north to the southern coasts of China. They may also have been sailing east to India, through the straits that are now called Malacca and Sunda. If so, they may have been the first to institute acquaintance between India and Southeast Asia. Balance lug sails were used on Malay ships, which were square in shape and mounted so that they could swivel. This made it possible for sailors to travel against the wind, sailing into it by going diagonally against it, first one way and then the other. Modern mathematics during the time of the Gupta Empire originally came from the Indians. Western numerals, originally called Arabic since they acquired them from the Arabs, actually started in India. One of the most important features of the Indian system was the invention of the number zero. The Indian zero made the place value system of writing numbers better than any other ones that came before it. Without this system, its use was laden with difficulties and wasn’t any better than competing systems. With the zero, the Indians were able to calculate everything faster and more accurately, performing more complicated calculations, and to anticipate mathematical relationships more appropriately. These numerals, and the mathematics the Indians developed with them, are now used around the world; being just one of many indications of the all-encompassing implication of southernization. By reason of this vast progress, India captured a reputation as a place of miracles, a distinction that was not altered for many generations after the Gupta dynasty fell. As one can see, India influenced the rest of the world. India and other parts of Southern Asia developed basic ideas and technologies. Groups whom traded with many other cultures then brought these ideas to other countries. For example, many Indian crops were spread to Middle Eastern countries by the Arabs. India was advanced in many ways. They had early medicine, mathematics, astronomy, the game of chess, bronze and iron metallurgy, philosophy and literature. They also excelled in agriculture. Most societies looked to India for help in medical and mathematical situations. In the area of textiles and cotton supplying, India was highly skilled. In ancient times India pretty much clothed the world. They were only beaten by England during the industrial revolution. In ancient India, they developed early medicine. They also had the knowledge to perform advanced surgeries. India was the medical superpower of the world at this time, and  Ancient India had astronomy also. They studied the stars and sky with great interest, and could even calculate when eclipses were to happen. In the Vedas, the vernal equinox of Orion is described. These Southern Asian changes began to have a significant impact on China after 350 C. E. During these centuries, the religion of Buddhism became more and more important in China, Buddhist monasteries spread throughout the disconnected world, and cultural exchange between India and China grew along with it. One may even suggest that the process of southernization influenced the revolutionary social, political, economic, and technological developments of the Tang and Song. The Chinese reformed their mathematics, putting the assets of the Indian system into play, even though they did not adopt the Indian numerals at that time. They then went on to develop an advanced mathematics, which was extremely successful by the time the Song Dynasty rolled around. Cotton and indigo became rooted, and the Chinese first developed cotton canvas, which they used to make a more adequate sail for ships going to the ocean. In southern China, the advancement of rice production brought huge changes on the outlook of things. Before the introduction of Champa rice, the cultivation of rice had been limited to lowlands, deltas, basins, and river valleys. Once the introduction of Champa rice and its cultivation spread up the hillsides, the Chinese started using their system of terrace farming and exploited complex and practical ways of controlling the water on mountain slopes. Before southernization’s movement, northern China had always been all-powerful, intellectually, socially, and politically. The domineering center of gravity was clearly in the north, and the southern part of China was thought of as a perimeter. However, southernization altered this situation hysterically. By 600, southern China was definitely on the path of becoming the most booming and most business centered part of the empire. The most obvious evidence of this is the building of the Grand Canal. Even though the rulers were able to put the empire back together, they were reliant on the new crops in the South. Once the Chinese had gotten a hold of the compass, they followed in Columbus’ footsteps and went out on a quest to find a direct route to the spice markets of Southeast Asia. Different then Columbus, they actually were able to find them. Cities on China’s southern coast became main ports for trading via the water. Silk still stayed an important exported product, and had eventually been joined by porcelain, which was developed in China. China’s ports were also delivering merchandise to Southeast Asia, large quantities of ordinary consumer goods like iron hardware, such as needles, scissors, and cooking pots. Until the British Industrial Revolution, Song China was in the lead for the production of iron. By 1200, southernization had created a very successful south from China to the Islamic Mediterranean, based on mathematics, the finding of new ocean routes and ‘discoveries’ of coinage and crops such as sugar, cotton and spices. In the 17th  century, there were three main technologies that changed the world as we know it today. These were all Chinese inventions – the compass, printing press, and gunpowder. It is believed that the Arab people introduced the compass into Mediterranean waters. Block printing and gunpowder first came about in Italy in the 1300s, probably thanks to the Mongols. The rise of Europe’s northwest began with the allotment of southernization’s aspects that were not enclosed by geography. Because of the involvement of their southern European neighbors, they became partially southernized, but they could not participate in all conditions of the process due to their distance from the tropical sources of cotton, sugar and spices. Full southernization, and the wealth we know that northwestern Europe had, came about only after their outright seizure of tropical and subtropical territories as they rounded Africa and participated in the Southern Ocean trade. In conclusion, many scholars now believe that Europe’s northwest did not become successful until it was receiving the profits of southernization. Therefore, the rise of the North Atlantic powers should not be distorted so that it appears to be an isolated and solely European appearance. It should be characterized as one part of a hemisphere, where northwestern Europe ran to catch up with a more developed south – a race not completed until the 18th  century. Muslim and Mongol empires contributed to spreading ideas and good throughout ‘Afroeaurasia’, and very importantly to the European peoples north of the Mediterranean. Without southernization first, the Portuguese would not have rounded Africa and reached the coast of India in the sixteenth century. Moreover, the early European nations needed to make colonies in tropical areas in order to control basic goods like sugar, cotton, spices, and rice; whose spread had resulted from southernization. In conclusion, westernization, which is associated with industrialization, capitalism, and international trade, owes a debt to peoples who earlier achieved southernization.

Challenges/Threats to National Security Turkey

Introduction The current civil conflict in Syria that continues to upsurge every day is damaging the good relationship between Turkey and Syria. It is terminating the impressive bond between the Turkey’s ruling party, Adelet ve KalkÄ ±nma Partisi (AKP), and the al-Assad’s government that has existed for almost a decade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges/Threats to National Security: Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Turkey’s Prime Minister in cooperation with the Foreign Minister ostracised their previous associate and backed the insurgents, as a way of preventing the revolt from infiltrating into Turkey. This move has led to an upsurge of refugees, military rebels, and opposition leaders, who are deserting the tyrannical authority, into Turkey. Turkey has not only declared its support for the insurgents, but also promised a military intervention if the government continues wi th its violent suppression. Turkish government has lauded support for the revolutionists stating that Syria will greatly benefit from the resistance. Syrian government has disregarded the threats raising the question if these events will prompt Turkey to cease its â€Å"soft power† and initiate hard power as a way of protecting its southern border. From Compulsion to Stabilisation History reveals that Turkey utilised mechanisms of hard power towards Syria when Syria backed the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) thirty years ago. In an attempt to terminate Damascus sponsorship for the military rebels that Ankara had been unable to conquer for years, the Turkish government implemented pressure tactics against Syria on not less than three incidents in the 1980s, as well as 1990s (Bishku 36-53). In the late 1980s, the Turkish government took advantage of the influence they had over the headwaters of Euphrates as well as Tigris to snip a chip on Syria. The anticipation was that Damascus would run out of options and withdraw its support for the PKK because Turkey had fortified its shares on the regional rivers. However, this strategy botched as Syria continued supporting the group. Later in 1992, Turkey applied a second pressure strategy that was also unsuccessful when Ankara ignored retaliation threats on Syria if it continued sheltering PKK. The coercion ultimately inspired a temporary agreement when Damascus decided to remove PKK fighters from Helwe drill site.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the leaders of Turkey did not react when Syria allowed PKK to launch a site where 1000 insurgents were drilled in 1993. Turkey also failed in its third effort, when it had to stop its battle with Syria because of the unpredicted outbreak of conflict with Greece (Bishku 36-53). The defining moment came in the fourth effort of Ankara in 1998 when Washington, Tehran, and Cairo supported them. The Turkish government hinted that it would use compulsion in case Damascus refused to comply and continue backing terrorist activities. Ankara established a diplomatic invasive as well as martial campaign to support its coercions (Damla 41-50). These tactics in line with the strong support from Washington enabled Turkey to succeed eventually. Ankara signed the Adana agreement, which that stated, â€Å"PKK training camps in Damascus would be closed and Ãâ€"calan was prohibited from residing in Syria† (Ãâ€"zlem 165). Furthermore, mechanisms to check if Syria observed the agreement’s demands were established. PKK was defeated and the relationship between Syria and Turkey strengthened once again. The economic association between Ankara and Damascus was also re-energised as Turkey and Syria signed a free trade accord, which was to remove the custom taxes (Ãâ€"zlem 163-175). The AKP’s â€Å"Soft Power† Tactic A lthough the early Turkish leaders in the 1990s always aimed at perfecting the link between Syria and Turkey, AKP tried to utilise every available opportunity to improve the relationship between the two countries from 2002. The AKP government proposed a remarkable role for Turkey in the Middle East. AKP agreed that, for them to achieve this goal, they had to acquire elements of â€Å"soft power† in trading, sharing of customs, diplomatic actions, as well as religious kinship whilst refraining from compulsive tactics (Damla 41-50). The soft power approach was exemplified by the then Foreign Minister who stated that Turkey should have a zero conflict policy with its neighbours because of its central location in Afro-Eurasia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges/Threats to National Security: Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This geostrategic position would enable Turkey to become a core continent al or even global actor if it maintained good relations with its closest neighbours. AKP’s achievement in establishing good links with Syria as well other Middle East nations hinged firmly on economic and political benefits (Idrees 87-99). AKP decided to use its traditional as well as religious connections with Levant as an instrument of soft power. Since AKP is an Islamic inspired party, it believes that Turkey should be a typical example of justice, equality, as well as economic success witnessed during the Ottoman period. This doctrine has encouraged it to accomplish its goals in the Middle East. In attempt to advance Turkish authority in Middle East, AKP got unforeseen backing from its entertainment industry. Over forty Turkish films have been aired in the Arab countries and they help educate the constituents of Arab world understand how Muslim societies can live liberally (Bishku 36-53). The AKP administration has improved the bilateral relations introduced by the previo us regimes. The Strategic Cooperation Council, which is made of ministers from both Syria and Turkey, held meetings in 2009 to improve the bilateral links. The efforts to perfect the bilateral relations got strong support from a group of organisations, which include investors and company representatives (Saban 5-7). Consequently, the trade volume between Syria and Turkey escalated from $824.1 million to $1.84 billion in 2010, and they anticipated that the amount will rise to $5 billion by the end of 2012 (Bishku 36-53). The boosted relationship between the two countries spread to other states in Middle East, which inspired Bashar al-Assad to request Ankara to intercede in the convert talks between Syria and Israel in 2007. Lebanon also sought the assistance Ankara to help them persuade Damascus and Tehran to stop their diplomatically destabilising tactics towards Lebanon. These incidents disclosed the significant role that Turkey was playing in resolving clashes in the Middle East ( Idrees 87-99).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, Ankara sided with Damascus in several occasions instead of Washington, hence affecting the relationship between the United States and Turkey (Jim 12). For instance, the Turkish tactical interests concurred with those of Syria in several scenarios during Iraq incursion in 2003. The bond between the two countries became even stronger when Assad visited ErdoÄŸan in Turkey. This visit was remarkable because sixty-eight years had passed since the last president of Syria visited Turkey (Saban 5-7). The relationship between the two counties appeared to have a bright future if not for the Arab revolts that began in 2011. Although the soft power applied by AKP was successful in several incidences, it could not control the Syrian regime as it had anticipated and especially during the revolt. The relationship between Syria began to decline at the onset of the revolution (Damla 41-50). Turkey believed that its close rapport with Syria would help convince Assad to stop torturing t he rebels. However, Syria was not prepared to solve its conflict through reforms and instead continued with its brutality. These events prompted ErdoÄŸan to support the rebels (Karen 26-32). Whilst the mutual rapport between Turkey and Syria is deteriorating, a close relationship between the U.S. and Turkey is developing. Turkey has been holding consistent talks with the U.S. intended to resolve the Syrian conflict. The two governments have agreed to use compulsion against Syria. Turkey has recently threatened to impose sanctions against Syria (Karen 26-32). Syria has also retorted asserting that it might re-introduce PKK. Ankara has also displayed its direct support for the militants by establishing camps, which shelter fleeing army officers and refugees. Allegations indicate that AKP has withdrawn its support for Assad because of Syrian Muslim Brotherhood (SMB). SMB has promised to adopt Turkish governance policies after assuming power. Turkey sees this indication as a good oppo rtunity to perfect its relations with the country (Idrees 87-99). Conclusion Though the ongoing revolts have negatively affected Turkey-Syria relations, Turkey still has a regional authority in the Middle East. Clearly, the conflict in Syria is having both positive and negative impact in Turkey’s association with states, both regionally and internationally. The revolts in the Middle East as well as the autocratic nature of the Arab potentates make it inappropriate to employ soft power. It is time Turkey in cooperation with foreign forces applied hard power, which was successful three decades ago, to oust the tyrants and restore peace in Syria. Works Cited Bishku, Michael. â€Å"Turkish-Syrian Relations: A Checkered History.† Middle East  Policy 19.3 (2012): 36-53. Print. Damla, Aras. â€Å"Turkish-Syrian Relations Go Downhill.† Middle East Quarterly 19.2 (2012): 41-50. Print. Jim, Zanotti. Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations, 2012. Web. https://www.state.gov / Idrees, Mohammed. â€Å"Turkey and Iran Rivalry on Syria: Alternatives.† Turkish Journal of International Relations 10.1 (2011): 87-99. Print. Karen, Kaya. â€Å"Turkey and the Arab Spring.† Military Review 92.4 (2012): 26-32. Print Ãâ€"zlem, Tà ¼r. â€Å"Turkish-Syrian Relations – Where Are We Going?† UNISCI Discussion  Papers 23 (2010): 163-175. Print. Saban, Kardas. â€Å"Syrian Uprising Tests Turkey’s Middle East Policy.† Eurasia Daily  Monitor 8.90 (2011): 5-7. Print. This essay on Challenges/Threats to National Security: Turkey was written and submitted by user Neil T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Indefinite Article Forms

Indefinite Article Forms â€Å"Chiamerà ² UN medico!† This means, â€Å"I’ll call a doctor.† But since we don’t know which doctor it is, we use the indefinite article â€Å"un,† which can be translated as â€Å"a.† The Italian indefinite article (articolo indeterminativo) indicates a generic, indefinite thing, which is considered unknown. Italian Indefinite Article Forms 1) Un The form â€Å"un† precedes masculine nouns beginning with a consonant except s consonant, z, x, pn, ps, and gn and sc, with usage corresponding to the article il: un bambino - a childun cane - a dogun dente - a toothun fiore - a flowerun gioco   - a game The form â€Å"un† also precedes masculine nouns that start with a vowel (including u): un amico - a friendun elmo - a helmetun incubo - a nightmareun oste - an innkeeperun uragano - a hurricaneun whisky - a whiskeyun week-end - a weekend Note that in front of a vowel the indefinite article â€Å"un† is never apostrophized since it’s not an elided form: unanno, unosso would be equivalent to una anno, una osso, both of which are incorrect. For the same reason un idea, un ora cannot be written without the apostrophe. Note the difference between un assistente (man) and unassistente (woman). 2) Uno The form â€Å"uno† precedes masculine nouns beginning with s consonant, z, x, pn, ps, and gn and sc, with usage corresponding to the article lo: uno sbaglio - a mistakeuno zaino - a backpackuno xilofono - a xylophoneuno (or also un) pneumatico - a tireuno pseudonimo - a pseudonymuno gnocco - a dumplinguno sceicco - a sheikhuno iato - a hiatus For words of foreign origin beginning with h, the same rules apply as lo. 3) Una (un) The form â€Å"una† precedes feminine nouns and is elided to â€Å"un† before a vowel (but not before the semivowel j), to be used with the article la: una bestia - a beastuna casa - a houseuna donna - a womanuna fiera - a fairuna giacca - a jacketuna iena - a hyenaUnanima - a soulUnelica - a propellerUnisola - an islandUnombra - a shadowUnunghia - a fingernail TIPS: Sometimes the indefinite article refers to a type, category, or variety and is equivalent to the word â€Å"ogni - each, every, any, all.†In the spoken language the Italian indefinite article is also used to express admiration (Ho conosciuto una ragazza!- I knew a girl!) or in the superlative sense (Ho avuto una paura!- I was fearful!).It may also indicate approximation and correspond to circa, pressappoco (about, approximately): dista un tre chilometri. (distance of three kilometers).In the example below, the use of the indefinite article overlaps with the definite article (articolo determinativo). Il giovane manca sempre desperienza. - All youngsters always lack experience.Un giovane manca sempre desperienza. - All youngsters always lack experience. Is there a plural? The indefinite article does not have a plural. However, the forms of the (articoli partitivi) dei, degli, and delle or of the (aggettivi indefiniti) qualche (followed by the singular), alcuni, and alcune can function as plurals: Sono sorte delle difficolt. - Difficulties have arisen.Ho ancora qualche dubbio. - I still have some doubts.Partirà ² fra alcuni giorni. - I will leave in a few days. or even: alcune difficolt - some difficultiesnumerosi dubbi - many doubtsparecchi giorni - many days Another alternative is to use neither the partitive nor the indefinite adjective, and instead express the plural noun without any description: Sono sorte difficolt. - Difficulties have arisenHo ancora dubbi. - I still have doubts.Partirà ² fra giorni. - I will leave in a few days.

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Final Exam - Essay Example In Spain, it highlighted on the controversy over the alleged elitism of Revolt and the French did not welcome Ortega’s reasoning or philosophical views. The public accepted the work of Ortega because of numerous reasons. It highlighted on the masses that were disadvantaged in the society and seemed to look for solutions to the problems caused by the European integration. Ortega’s meaning and Characteristics of the â€Å"Europe masses† Ortega y Gasset talks of â€Å"Europe masses† after assessing the social order that most people live without noticing. In the wake of globalization and diversity in numerous areas, Ortega believes that the European elite that are creating problems to other unfortunate individuals in the society. When he refers to â€Å"masses,† Ortega highlights on the political and the social crisis of Europe. In general, he talks of the general Western civilization. In this process, Ortega focuses on revealing the root causes of this crisis that the Western civilization brings to the social systems in the society. Ortega refers to â€Å"masses† and ponders concerning who should rule the human society (Ortega y Gasset 34). The mass man Ortega refers to is the ordinary or the average person who accepts himself as he is and is unwilling to place demands on himself. The masses also consider themselves equal of others and have had immense effect on the intellectual fiber of the society. Ortega believes that the emergence of â€Å"European masses† and technological advancement had stripped away Man’s bottom illusions, at enormous rate. The masses take control of the government and change the manner in which people should be governed. Concerning the characteristics of the masses, Ortega admits that it is normal to have minority in power but there are problems associated with such a leadership. To some extent, it is a good move; however, it makes nations suffer as people are affected by the rebelli on of other masses. Rebellious is one characteristic of the masses. Most importantly, masses believe in political life where one questions the other parties’ economic, moral, religious and intellectual, which are collective habits of people. The characteristic of the masses is based on the commonplace mind that understands itself as a commonplace. This mind claims to have the authority of exercising their rights and is capable of imposing them wherever it will. According to a say in the U.S. that, â€Å"to be different is to be indecent.† Ortega portrays the mass as a tool that crushes anything that is beneath it. Some of the things that the mass crushes include individuals, excellent things, qualified and select. It assumes that people should have different characteristics, but ensure that they accommodate others (Ortega y Gasset 64). This is why they say that anybody who is not like everybody risks being eliminated because they do not belong to the same mass. Ortegaà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Perspective of the proper â€Å"Minorities† Ortega’s Revolt highlights on the significance of having proper minorities and the masses in Europe. He argues through mature thoughts regarding the respective roles of minorities and masses in Western society. His diagnosis culminates in this work and he continues to ensure that he promotes the well-being of the European society. His efforts aim at working towards eliminating the imbalance between masses and minorities. This is because the masses take over the society and fail to